<b>ABSTRACT</b></br>

Over recent years, the frequency and intensity of torrential rain and flooding events linked to climate change have been impacting on cities throughout the world. Adaptation to climate change must therefore be integrated into urban planning and coupled with sustainable urban development and conservation policies. To do so, a good understanding of the vulnerability of cities to these extreme events is necessary, lending special attention to the specifics of the different urban areas, such as historic city centres.

In the present study, a vulnerability evaluation methodology is presented for cities against extreme rainfall and flooding, which follows a holistic and multi-stakeholder approach, integrating architectural, socio-economic, and cultural perspectives, that supports evidence-based decision-making for the sustainable development of the agents that intervene in the process. The MIVES method, based on a multiple criteria decision-analysis process and a CityGML-based data model are used for that purpose, with which a process for capturing, evaluating, and representing information in an objective, organized, and systematic way has been developed. These advantages are demonstrated through the application of that process to a case study in Donostia-San Sebastián (northern Spain), located on a river estuary in front of the sea, with a wide diversity of building styles.

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<b>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</b></br>

The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of the Municipality of Donostia-San Sebastián without which the completion of this study would not have been possible, and the funding provided by the Basque Government through the ADVICE project and the European Commission through the SHELTER project (GA821282), as well as the support of research group IT1314-19 of the Basque Government and GIU19/029 of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU.

<b>ABSTRACT</b></br>

A fatigue process due to random loading that is progressively damaging a certain structural detail will vary in the presence of mean stresses. The variations are already considered in crack propagation laws and by applying equivalent 0-mean stress ranges from the Palmgren–Miner linear rule. Nevertheless, if the mean stress is intrinsic, instead of a direct consequence of the random loading, other second-order effects will have to be taken into account. Those effects are cycle quasi-ordering, histogram variations, and apparent mean tension, which are identified and defined in this study and, finally, developed in a case study for demonstrative purposes.</br>

<b>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</b></br>

The authors would like to thank and extend their warm recognition to Mr. Asier Maiztegi Eriz, for establishing and managing the framework within Tecnalia that made the PhD Thesis possible that is summarized in this paper. (Thank you Asier, you were not the only one with eyes, but certainly the only one with a view).