XSL Content

Principles in Animal Physiology26716

Centre
Faculty of Science and Technology
Degree
Bachelor's Degree in Biology
Academic course
2024/25
Academic year
3
No. of credits
6
Languages
Spanish
Basque
English
Code
26716

TeachingToggle Navigation

Distribution of hours by type of teaching
Study typeHours of face-to-face teachingHours of non classroom-based work by the student
Lecture-based3553
Seminar410
Applied classroom-based groups612
Applied laboratory-based groups1515

Teaching guideToggle Navigation

Description and Contextualization of the SubjectToggle Navigation

The subject of Principles of Animal Physiology deals with understanding biological basis of coordinated animal function and behaviour, providing the guidelines to analyze animal relations with the environment, including other organisms. Integrative and coordinative mechanisms underlying organ and tissue function are presented as a requisite for harmonic performance of the animal machine.

This is a 6C subject that is taught on a compulsory basis in the first quarter of the third year of the Biology Degree. It belongs to area 03 Physiology and Ecology which provide essential knowledge as regards organization levels within the organism, the population and the community.

Skills/Learning outcomes of the subjectToggle Navigation

Specific skills to be acquired:



1. Animals as functional units: students are trained to analyze organisms as a hierarchic organization of processes whose final goal is to maintain integrity and fitness.

2. Bases of regulation of animal functions are framed within the concepts of compensation and homeostasis.

3. Control and regulation systems are subject to detailed study: physical and chemical principles underlying mechanisms as well as structures at the different levels of organization (molecular, cellular and systemic) are explained.

4. Identifying the key role of the internal environment (milieu intérieur) in connecting organs and systems, describing the main elements of circulatory circuits and the physical laws explaining coordinated function.

5. Describing the main systems of homeostatic regulation in animals as models of functional integration.



Trasnversal skills:



1. Developing analysis, synthesis, organizational and planning abilities to allow decision making as well as elaborating and transmitting information.

2. Maintaining a positive attitude enabling the acquisition of skills for continuity self-learning, encouraging initiative and motivation for quality and consideration about the environment.

3. Developing abilities for interpersonal exchange to favour team-work and progress as regards to critical reasoning as well as an ethic compromise with society.

Theoretical and practical contentToggle Navigation

Introduction:



1. Principles of cellular physiology. Matter and information exchanges with the internal environment.

2. Organisms as the integrated summation of exchange systems. Energy fluxes. The concept of functional unity and homeostasis.



Integrative and Control Systems



3. Electrical properties of membranes. The role of Ion channels. Resting and Action Potentials. Speed of propagation of action potentials.

4. Transmission of information between neurons. Structure and function of electrical and chemical synapses. Quantal release of neurotransmitters.

5. Integration at synapses. Excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Facilitation and potentiation.

6. Flow of information in the nervous system: Neuronal networks. Convergence and divergence.

7. General properties of sensory reception. Properties of receptor cells. Receptor and Generating Potentials. Encoding stimulus intensities.

8. Common mechanisms of sensory transduction. Chimioreception. Mechanoreception and Hearing: the hair cell. Light receptors, optic mechanisms and vision.

9. Effectors of the nervous system: glands, muscles and animal movement. Structure and function of skeletal muscle. The sliding-filament theory.

10. Mechanics of muscle contraction: isometric vs. isotonic contraction. Force production: Power-velocity curve. Classification of fiber types. Smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle.

11. Evolution of nervous systems. Organization of the vertebrate nervous system. Afferent and efferent pathways.

12. The autonomous nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

13. Endocrine coordination. Functional classification of hormones and secretions. Cellular mechanisms of hormone actions. External and internal receptors. Second messengers.

14. Neuroendocrine systems. The Hypothalamus/hypophysis axis in vertebrates and related systems.

15. Physiological effects of hormones. Water & salt balances. Energy fluxes, repair, growth and reproduction.



Circulation



16. Function and general plan of the circulatory system: open and closed circulation. The peripheral circulation: structure of arteries, veins and capillaries.

17. Cardiac pumps. Vertebrate hearts: comparative functional morphology. Frequency and cardiac output.

18. Hemodynamics. Blood pressure, flow and resistance. Pressure Regulation. Regulation filtration pressure across capillary walls: counterbalance between hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures to preserve liquid within the circulatory vessels.

19. Control of central cardiovascular system. Control of microcirculation.



Integration of physiological systems: basic circuit of homeostatic regulation.



20. Nutrient cycling. Structures, organs and regulation of supplies of metabolic substrates.

21. Water and salt balances: regulation of osmotic concentration and ionic composition of the milieu intérieur.

22. Gas Exchange and acid-base balance: structures organs and regulation of gas transfer.



LABORATORY PRACTISES



-Computer programs simulating endocrine and nervous systems.

-Influence of the size of a solute on diffusion rate.

-Influence of temperature and concentration upon osmotic flux.

-Regulation of cardio respiratory function.

-Measurement of metabolic rate.

MethodologyToggle Navigation

In this subject, attendance will be required for the following teaching modalities:

lectures, classroom exercises, laboratory practices and seminars.

Lectures cover fundamental concepts in Animal Physiology that are fully explained and discussed while the classroom practical sessions involve resolution and discussion of short questions and abridged experiments along with presentations on chosen topics. In the seminars students are distributed in groups to develop a personal approach to some of the themes presenting their work under the form of a questionnaire and a short oral presentation. Laboratory practices are essential to develop basic skills for this discipline.

Assessment systemsToggle Navigation

  • Continuous Assessment System
  • Final Assessment System
  • Tools and qualification percentages:
    • Written test to be taken (%): 70
    • Realization of Practical Work (exercises, cases or problems) (%): 10
    • Team projects (problem solving, project design)) (%): 10
    • Cuestionario individual sobre el trabajo práctico del laboratorio (%): 10

Ordinary Call: Orientations and DisclaimerToggle Navigation

Continuous evaluation system includes the assessment of following items: a) a written report for undertaken team work followed by individual oral presentation will represent 10% of final marks, b) a written questionnaire about the laboratory work represents 10% of final marks, c) a written test including questions (70% of final marks) and exercises (10% of final marks).

It will be necessary to obtain at least 4 points out of 10 in the written examination in order to pass the course.

Students will be able to renounce to continuous evaluation along the normative period established (9

weeks from the start of the course) by presenting the written renounce to the Lecturer. In any case, it is highly recommended to communicate the intention to renounce before the 4th week in the term in order to reassign team activities.

Final written test will consist in short questions (80%), short exercises involving calculation of parameters (10%) and the questionnaire about laboratory work (10%).

Failure to appear to the final test will be taken as a renounce to the evaluation and will be registered as non-appearance.

During the evaluation tests it is forbidden to use books, notes or notebooks, as well as any kind of phone, computer or electronic device. Only calculators may be used. If unethical or dishonest behaviour is detected the protocol to deal with unethical and dishonest behaviour in evaluation tests and academic assessments in the UPV/EHU will be applied.







Extraordinary Call: Orientations and DisclaimerToggle Navigation

Results obtained in the evaluation of the seminar and the practical questionnaire will be considered (if the marks obtained fulfill the required level) and the final written test will involve the short questions and the short exercises.

Failure to appear to the final test will be taken as a renounce to the evaluation and will be registered as non-appearance.

During the evaluation tests it is forbidden to use books, notes or notebooks, as well as any kind of phone, computer or electronic device. Only calculators may be used. If unethical or dishonest behaviour is detected the protocol to deal with unethical and dishonest behaviour in evaluation tests and academic assessments in the UPV/EHU will be applied.

BibliographyToggle Navigation

Basic bibliography

HILL, R.W., WISE, G.A. & ANDERSON, M., 2006. Fisiología Animal. Harper & Row Publishers, N.Y.

MATHEWS, G.G.,1983. Cellular physiology of Nerve and Muscle. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford.U.K. Traducción:Mc Graw-Hill-Interamericana, 1989

RANDALL, D., BURGGREM, W. & FRENCH, K., 1997. ECKERT Fisiología Animal. Mc Graw-Hill-Interamericana.

SCHMIDT-NIELSEN, K. 1997. Animal physiology. Adaptation to environment,.5th Ed. Cambridge University Press. London.

PURVES, D., 2006. Neurociencias. Editorial Médica Panamericana, Madrid.

In-depth bibliography

Barber, A. M. y F. Ponz (1998). "Principios de Fisiología Animal" Ed. Síntesis, Madrid.
Guyton, A.C. (1996) "TRATADO DE FISIOLOGIA MEDICA" (9. edición). Ed. Interamericana-McGraw Hill, Madrid.
Prosser, C.L. (ed.) (1991). "COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY". Wiley-Liss, Nueva York.
Rhoades R. A. y G. A. Tanner (1997). Fisiología Médica. Masson-Littlel, Brown. Barcelona
Schmidt, R.F. y G. Thews (1993). "Fisiología humana". Interamericana MacGraw-Hill. Madrid (traducción 24ª ed alemana)
Tresguerres, J. A. F. (Ed.) (1992). "Fisiologia Humana" Interamericana MacGraw-Hill. Madrid
Barja de Quiroga, G. (1993). Fisiología Animal y Evolución. Akal, Madrid
Blake, R. W. (Ed.) (1991). "Efficiency and economy in animal physiology" Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Costanzo, L. S. (2000) "Fisiología". (traducción de la 1ª ed). McGraw-Hill Interamericana. Mexico.
Kooijman, S. A. L. M. (1993). "Dynamic energy budgets in biological systems". Cambrid

Journals

ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGY
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY.
JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY
JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS
ACTA-PHYSIOLOGICA-SCANDINAVICA.
PFLUGERS-ARCHIV-EUROPEAN-JOURNAL-OF-PHYSIOLOGY.
MARINE-AND-FRESHWATER-BEHAVIOUR-AND-PHYSIOLOGY.
JOURNAL-OF-COMPARATIVE-PHYSIOLOGY-
INTEGRATIVE-AND-COMPARATIVE-PHYSIOLOGY.
JOURNAL-OF-EXPERIMENTLA MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY.
JOURNAL-OF-PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON.
JOURNAL-OF-APPLIED-PHYSIOLOGY.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY
JOURNAL-OF-ANIMAL-PHYSIOLOGY-AND-ANIMAL-NUTRITION-ZEITSCHRIFT-FUR-TIERPHYSIOLOGIE-TIERERNAHRUNG-UND-FUTTERMITTELKUNDE.

Web addresses

www.whfreeman.com/animalphys5/
www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobooktoc.html
http://private.nmr.ru/manuals/biophys/OLTB/index.html
www.accessexcellence.org/

Online publications:

advan.physiology.org/
jap.physiology.org/
www.journals.uchicago.edu/PBZ/
www.circ.ahajournals.org/
www.biochemj.org/bj/toc.htm
www.jbc.org/
jn.physiology.org/
www.jneurosci.org/
www.pnas.org/
www.sciam.com/
www.cell.com/
www.neuron.org/
www.nature.com/index.html
www.sciencemag.org/

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