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Regulation of the Metabolism26856

Centre
Faculty of Science and Technology
Degree
Bachelor's Degree in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Academic course
2024/25
Academic year
2
No. of credits
6
Languages
Spanish
Basque
Code
26856

TeachingToggle Navigation

Distribution of hours by type of teaching
Study typeHours of face-to-face teachingHours of non classroom-based work by the student
Lecture-based3652
Seminar412
Applied classroom-based groups816
Applied laboratory-based groups1210

Teaching guideToggle Navigation

Description and Contextualization of the SubjectToggle Navigation

DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE ON REGULATION OF METABOLISM



At the University of the Basque Country, the course on Regulation of Metabolism is focused on the study of human metabolic regulation. This course comprises 19 lessons of various hours each depending on each particular theme. The lectures will mainly address the following topics: a) The mechanisms of metabolic regulation in response to hormonal or extracellular stimuli (first messengers): activation or inhibition of cell receptors, generation of second messengers, regulation of protein and lipid phosphorylation, modulation of cell responses; b) integration and regulation of major metabolic pathways, namely metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, aminoacids, nucleotides and proteins; c) biochemical mechanisms of metabolic adaptation to different physiologic (at times extreme) situations; d) regulation of cell proliferation, survival, cell migration and cell death; e) metabolic dysregulation leading to disease, namely cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, obesity, insulin resistance and type II diabetes, or cancer.



The course on Regulation of Metabolism is fundamental for students aiming at developing their future careers in biomedicine, including both biomedical research or applied (bench to bed) biomedicine, and clinical biochemistry.



The acquired knowledge on this course will set up the basis for a better understanding of other courses namely Cell Biology, Immunology and Cell Signaling courses.

Skills/Learning outcomes of the subjectToggle Navigation

COMPETENCES AND OBJECTIVE



Students will:



Have knowledge of cellular metabolism, and the regulation of central catabolic and anabolic pathways.



Understand the principals and importance of metabolic control, and be able to describe the main mechanisms through which metabolic processes are controlled.



Understand how different control mechanisms may be integrated to coordinate cell metabolism and function.



Understand how metabolism is integrated in mammals, and have knowledge of how disturbances in metabolism contribute to disease.



AIMS



To provide knowledge of the essential features of cellular metabolism, and an understanding of the mechanisms through which general metabolism is controlled. This will be achieved using specific examples and model situations to illustrate principal control mechanisms. Diseases caused by defects in metabolism will be studied to emphasize the importance of metabolic control. The course will focus on mammalian, namely human, systems.

Theoretical and practical contentToggle Navigation

SYLLABUS



1.- Introducción a la regulación del metabolismo.

1.1. Catabolismo y anabolismo.

1.2. Visión de conjunto del metabolismo

1.3. Regulación y Control del metabolismo

1.4. Métodos para el estudio del metabolismo y su regulación.



2.- Aspectos generales del metabolismo humano.

2.1. Requerimientos dietéticos. Composición química de los alimentos. Vitaminas.

2.2. Digestión y absorción intestinal

2.3. Parámetros importantes en metabolismo: cociente respiratorio (CR), metabolismo basal (MB) y metabolismo total (MT).



3.- Rutas metabólicas.

3.1. Distribución subcelular de las rutas metabólicas.

3.2. Biosíntesis de ATP. Translocación del ATP. Cadena respiratoria mitocondrial.

3.3. Oxidación del NADH+H+ citosólico. Lanzaderas: malato/aspartato y glicerol-3-P

3.4. Fosforilación oxidativa.



4.- Principales vías metabólicas celulares: El ciclo de Krebs. Regulación.



5.- Principales vías metabólicas celulares: catabolismo y anabolismo de azúcares.

5.1. La glicolisis y su regulación.

5.2. Metabolismo del etanol.

5.3. Metabolismo de la fructosa.

5.4. Ciclo de Cori y ciclo de la alanina

5.5. Metabolismo del sorbitol, galactitol, glucuronato y xilitol.

5.6. Regulación de la gluconeogénesis.

5.7. Regulación de la ruta de las pentosas fosfato.

5.8. Metabolismo de la glucosa hacia la producción de grasa: Ácidos grasos y TAG.

5.9. Metabolismo de la glucosa hacia la producción de glucógeno (glicogénesis).

5.10.Regulación del metabolismo del glucógeno.



6.- Principales vías metabólicas celulares: catabolismo y anabolismo de ácidos grasos y triacilglicéridos.

6.1. Degradación y síntesis de ácidos grasos.

6.2. Cetogénesis a partir de ácidos grasos.

6.3. Elongación e insaturación de ácidos grasos.

6.4. Biosíntesis de triacilglicéridos.

6.5. Control del metabolismo de triacilglicéridos: a) cuando la acción de la insulina es alta; b)en condiciones de stress metabólico.

6.6. Formación de ácido araquidónico y síntesis de eicosanoides. Mecanismos de acción de los anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES)



7.- Principales vías metabólicas celulares: catabolismo y anabolismo de fosfolípidos.

7.1. Regulación de la síntesis de fosfatidilcolina.

7.2. Regulación de la síntesis de fosfatidiletanolamina

7.3. Regulación de la síntesis de fosfatidilserina.

7.4. Regulación del catabolismo de fosfolípidos: Fosfolipasas.

7.5. Los fosfolípidos como precursores de segundos mensajeros celulares.



8.- Principales vías metabólicas celulares: catabolismo y anabolismo de esfingolípidos.

8.1. Bases esfingoides, cerámidos y esfingomielina

8.2. Regulación del metabolismo de esfingolípidos

8.3. La esfingomielina como precursor de segundos mensajeros celulares.

8.4. Glucoesfingolípidos: síntesis y degradación



9.- Principales vías metabólicas celulares: Metabolismo del colesterol. Lipoproteínas.

9.1. Regulación metabólica del colesterol.

9.2. Estructura y función de las lipoproteínas.

9.3. Metabolismo de las lipoproteínas. Regulación.

9.4. Perturbación del metabolismo de lipoproteínas. Aterosclerosis



10.- Principales vías metabólicas celulares: catabolismo y anabolismo de aminoácidos (aa).

10.1. Integración del catabolismo y el anabolismo de aminoácidos.

10.2. Metabolismo de proteínas



11.- Principales vías metabólicas celulares: Catabolismo y anabolismo de nucleótidos.



12.- Regulación hormonal del metabolismo:

12.1. Mecanismos de acción hormonal.

12.2. Órganos y hormonas más importantes en la regulación del metabolismo: Hígado, tejido adiposo, páncreas, glándula pituitaria, tiroides, glándulas adrenales. Gónadas.

12.3. Diabetes mellitus



13.- El sistema nervioso y el metabolismo.

13.1. Fisiología básica del sistema nervioso. El cerebro. El cerebelo. El tallo cerebral.

13.2. Sistema nervioso autónomo: simpático, parasimpático, somático

13.3. Neurotransmisores y receptores: transnisión adrenérigica y colinérgica.

13.4. El sistema nervioso autónomo y la secreción hormonal.



14.- Regulación del metabolismo en situaciones extremas.

14.1. Movilización rápida de material energético

14.2. Ayuno prolongado.

14.3. El metabolismo durante el ejercicio físico (aeróbico y anaeróbico)



15.- Equilibrio energético y regulación del peso corporal.

15.1. Balance energético.

15.2. Gasto energético. Medida y components del gasto energético.

15.3. Obesidad. Definición y desarrollo de la obesidad. Implicaciones patológicas.

15.4. Alteraciones metabólicas en la obesidad.



16.- Síndrome metabólico.



17.- Principios de señalización celular.



18.- Regulación del crecimiento y muerte celular.



19.- Integración del metabolismo: carbohidratos, grasas y proteínas

19.1. Situaciones anterior y posterior a la ruptura del ayuno. El estado Post-absortivo.

19.2. Puntos de conexión entre el metabolismo de azúcares, grasas y poteínas. Interacciones metabólicas entre los ácidos grasos y la glucosa. Interacciones entre el metabolismo de carbohidratos y a minoácidos: ciclo glucosa-alanina.

19.9. Visión integrada del metabolismo

MethodologyToggle Navigation

METHODOLOGY



The following activities will be developed during this course:



1. Lectures of all themes indicated in the syllabus



2.Laboratory practical sessions



3. Essays (two) on the regulation of metabolism (topics to be selected by the teacher)



4.Preparing, presenting and discussing a relevant topic on the regulation of metabolism, freely selected by the student.



Assessment systemsToggle Navigation

  • Final Assessment System
  • Tools and qualification percentages:
    • Written test to be taken (%): 42
    • Multiple-Choice Test (%): 38
    • Realization of Practical Work (exercises, cases or problems) (%): 5
    • Individual works (%): 5
    • Exhibition of works, readings ... (%): 10

Ordinary Call: Orientations and DisclaimerToggle Navigation

FINAL EVALUATION SYSTEM – ASSESSMENT



The written exam is worth 80% of the overall mark: short questions are worth 42% and the multiple choice component is worth 38%



Laboratory practical sessions (two 4-hour sessions) are worth 5% of the overall mark.



Two individual essays are worth 5% of the overall mark.



One power-point presentation is worth 10% of the overall mark

Extraordinary Call: Orientations and DisclaimerToggle Navigation

The current legislation will strictly be followed.

Compulsory materialsToggle Navigation

Teaching sources include power point presentations by the lecturer for each independent lesson. PDF files of all themes will be made accesible to all students registered in the subject. Likewise, specific tables for exercises will be provided.


BibliographyToggle Navigation

Basic bibliography

RECOMMENDED READING 1



- Biología Molecular de la Célula. Alberts, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts & Walter (2002) (4ª edición). Editorial Omega

- Bioquímica. Stryer. 6ª ed. (2008). Editorial Reverté.

- Bioquímica. Mathews & Van Holde. 3ª ed. (2002) Ed. Addison Wesley.

- Bioquímica. Libro de Texto con Aplicaciones Clinicas. Vol. 1 y 2. Devlin. 4ª ed (2004) Ed. Reverté.

- Biología Celular y Molecular. Lodish et al. (2002) Ed. Médica Panamericana.

- Bioquímica. Texto y Atlas. Koolman y Röhm 3ª ed. (2004) Ed. Médica Panamericana

- Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, (2008) 5th Edition D.L. Nelson & M. M. Cox. Freeman and Company, New York.

- Fundamentos de Bioquímica. La vida a nivel molecular. Voet, D., Voet, J.G. y Pratt, C.W. 2ª Ed. (2007). Panamericana.

- Bioquímica. Voet, D. y Voet, J.G. 3ª Ed. (2006). Panamericana.

In-depth bibliography

RECOMMENDED READING 2

- Albi, E., Viola-Magni, M.P. (2006). Sphingolipids and cell function. Research Signpots Ed. Trivandrum. Kerala. India.
- Fell, D. (1997). Understanding the control of metabolism. (K. Snell; Frontiers in Metabolism 2; 1st ed.). Portland Press, London.
- Frayn, K. N. (1996). Metabolic regulation. A human perspective. (K. Snell; Frontiers in Metabolism 1; 1st ed.). Portland Press, London.
- Beckett, G.J., Walker, S.W., Rae P., Ashby P. (2005). Clinical Biochemistry. (An illustrated colour text). (7 th ed.). Blackwell Publishing. Willinstone, VT, USA
- Gomperts, B.D., Kramer, I.M., Tatham, P.E.R. (2003). Signal Transduction (2nd Ed). Academic Press. Elsevier Science, Orlando, FL, USA
- Liscovitch, M. (1994). Signal-activated phospholipases. (1st ed.). R.G. Landes Company. Austin, TX.
- Macarulla, J.M. (1992). Bioquímica Cuántica. Cuestiones sobre metabolismo. (Vol. II, 1st ed.). Editorial Reverté. Barcelona.
- Salway, J. G. (1994). Metabolism at a glance. (1st ed.) Blackwell Science, Oxford.
- Sperelakis, N. (2001). Cell Physiology source book. A molecular approach. Ed: Academic Press (3 rd ed). New York (USA)
- Vance, D.E. & Vance, J. (2008) Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes (5th edition) Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
- White, D. A., & Baxter, M. (1994). Hormones and metabolic control. (2nd ed.). Edward Arnold, London.

Journals

RECOMMENDED JOURNALS

Annual Review of Cell and developmental Biology
Annual Review of Biochemistry
Annual Review of Nutrition
Hormones and Vitamins
Journal of Molecular Biology
Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental
Molecular and Cellular Biology
Molecular Endocrinology
Endocrinology

Annual Review of Biochemistry
Annual Review of Nutrition
Hormones and Vitamins
Journal of Molecular Biology
Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental
Molecular and Cellular Biology
Molecular Endocrinology
Endocrinology

Annual Review of Cell and developmental Biology
Annual Review of Biochemistry
Annual Review of Nutrition
Hormones and Vitamins
Journal of Molecular Biology
Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental
Molecular and Cellular Biology
Molecular Endocrinology
Endocrinology

Web addresses

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez
http://fbio.uh.cu/metabol/Conceptos_basicos.htm
http://www.biologia.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/carbomet/carbomet.html
http://tratado.uninet.edu/c0504i.html
http://www.uv.es/jcastell/5%20Regulacion_hepatica_metabolismo.pdf
http://efdeportes.com
http://www.femede.es
http://femede.com
http://setrade.info
http://wwwbioq.unizar.es/
http://wbiomed.curtin.edu.au/teach/biochem/
http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html

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