Alzheimer's disease is the most significant cause of dementia in the elderly: it affects over 35 million people worldwide. It is reckoned that Alzheimer's could reach epidemic proportions in developed countries unless therapies to cure or prevent it are obtained. Studies conducted so far reveal that the therapies are more effective when they are applied before the brain has become severely damaged. What is more, the spotting of early phases of the disease may help to develop new treatments. Right now, to make a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's, medical examinations, neuropsychological tests, neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and blood tests are carried out; all these tests are not only invasive but are very costly as well. So it seems that smart, non-invasive diagnostic techniques could be valuable tools for the early detecting of dementias.

What is known as Automatic Spontaneous Speech Analysis (ASSA) is one of the non-invasive techniques to help in detecting disorders relating to dementia that the UPV/EHU's multidisciplinary research group ELEKIN is working on. This methodology is based on the recording of patients while they are describing some experience in their own lives in a relaxed, leisurely atmosphere, and on the measuring of various parameters. For example, the pauses the patient makes when trying to remember the word he/she wants to say are measured. So the technique is carried out without altering or blocking the patient's abilities as he/she does not perceive the test as something stressful.

Can invasive tests be avoided?

This work has aimed to provide clinical professionals with tools enabling them to make diagnoses in a much less invasive way. "It's about quantifying elements or details that the health specialists can see at a glance. But if they have the accurate measurement, it can help them to diagnose disorders or carry out more exact out-patient follow-up," explained Karmele López de Ipiña, coordinator of the ELEKIN research group. As the researcher maintains, these measurements can be conducted by non-technical personnel in an atmosphere that is normal for the patient.

The following, among others, are collaborating in the study: associations of relatives of Alzheimer's patients, University of Vic, TecnoCampus Mataró (Pompeu Fabra University), Center for Biomedical Technology (Madrid), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and CITA-Alzheimer, a centre for advanced research and therapies. The tests are conducted on people who have not developed the disease, on people who have a family history of it and on patients in collaboration with medical centres and while at all times abiding by ethical criteria and the corresponding protocols. Thanks to this collaboration "it is possible to study even the preclinical phase or people who have not yet started to develop the disease," pointed out Ipiña.

Much work is being done internationally in these lines of research, although the ASSA system is not yet being used because it is a technique still being developed and researched. "The moment will come when we have the system ready to be used routinely to assess patients," concluded Ipiña. "We want to provide doctors with tools to detect elements that cannot be seen at a glance. In this respect, the automatic analysis of these signals can help them."

Additional information

The UPV/EHU's multidisciplinary research group ELEKIN (elekin.net) comprises professionals from various departments (Department of Automatic Control Engineering and Electronics, Mechanics, Company Organisation, Applied Mathematics), plus professionals from very wide-ranging disciplines (mathematicians, physicists and even a sociologist and a lawyer), and is geared towards engineering for society. In their work they collaborate with a host of national and international universities and players: BioDonostia and University Hospital Donostia (motor Group), TecnoCampus Mataró (Pompeu Fabra University), Bordeaux Université, University of Tübingen, University of Vic, Center for Biomedical Technology (Madrid), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, University of Technology Brno, Hospital de Mataró, CITA-ALZHEIMER, AFAGI, guABIAN, Plenziako Itsas Estazioa, etc.

Karmele Lopez de Ipiña (Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, 1964) is a graduate in Physics specialising in electronics and automatic control engineering. She did her PhD thesis on artificial intelligence in Computing Sciences, on automatic speech recognition for Basque. She has a Master's in electronics and automatic control engineering and a diploma in advanced architectural studies. Right now, she is a lecturer at the UPV/EHU in the department of Systems Engineering and Automatic Control Engineering of the Polytechnic School in Donostia-San Sebastian, and the coordinator of the ELEKIN group, elekin.net.

Bibliographical references:

Laske C., H.R. Sohrabi, S.M. Frost, K. López-de-Ipiña, P. Garrard, M. Buscem, J. Dauwels, S.R. Soekadar, S. Mueller, C. Linnemann, S.A. Bridenbaugh, Y. Kanagasingam, R.N Martins, S.E. O'Bryant. "Innovative diagnostic tools for early detection of Alzheimer's disease". Alzheimer & Dementia, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.06.004, 2013.

Lopez-de-Ipiña K., J.B. Alonso, C.M. Travieso, J. Solé-Casals, H. Egiraun, M. Faundez-Zanuy, A. Ezeiza, N. Barroso, M. Ecay, P. Martinez-Lage, and U. Martinez-de-Lizardui. "On the selection of non-invasive methods based on speech analysis oriented to Automatic Alzheimer Disease Diagnosis". Sensors, 13 (5), 6730-6745, 2013. Open Access.

K. Lopez de Ipiña, J. Solé Casals, H. Eguiraun, J.B. Alonso, C.M. Travieso, A. Ezeiza, N. Barroso, M. Ecay Torres, P. Martinez Lage, B. Beitia. "Feature selection for spontaneous speech analysis to aid in Alzheimer's disease diagnosis: A fractal dimension approach". Computer Speech & Language. Volume 30, Issue 1, March 2015, Pages 43-60.