“Petroleum and Petrochemicals” is one of the optional subjects taught in the fourth term of the 4th year of the Degree in Chemical Engineering. it is part of the module called Intensification. In this subject the basis of oil refining is studied and an introduction is made to the different processes that make up the petrochemical sector.



Given its nature of intensification in the knowledge and application of raw materials in chemical engineering, it helps the training of chemical engineers through the development of processes to convert crude oil and oil fractions (including waste product recovery) into useful products for the consumer society. In this respect, scientific and technical knowledge about the chemical processes used in the petroleum and petrochemical industry will help chemical engineers to optimise production processes and introduce improvements into the different aspects of the process, with the aim of obtaining more efficient fuels and petrochemical products that are sustainable and more environmentally-friendly.



The work done in this subject will enable students to analyse the origin and stages of formation of petroleum and characterise the physical and chemical properties of its fractions. At the same time, the different processes of chemical transformation of petroleum and the raw materials used in the petrochemical industry (natural gas, olefins, etc.) will be studied from a scientific and technical point of view to obtain a range of useful products, from fuels and lubricating oils (in the case of a refinery) to polymers and many other derived products in the case of the petrochemicals sector.



To take “Petroleum and Petrochemicals” without too much difficulty, the student should have a basic mastery of material and energy balances. Basic knowledge of equipment design for fluid transport and heat exchange is also necessary, and also of reaction equipment and separation operations (covered in other subjects of the degree course).

COMPETENCES:



- Master and evaluate the technological and socioeconomic state of the chemical industry in general, and particularly in the local environment (G010).

-Apply the knowledge acquired to the development of innovative technologies and processes in strategic sectors of the chemicals sector (M04CM01).

- Use sources of data and databased related to the specific content studied in the Intensification module, plus office tools to support oral presentations (M04CM04).

- Efficiently communicate, in writing and orally, the knowledge, results and skills acquired, in a multidisciplinary and multilingual setting (M04CM05).



LEARNING OUTCOMES:



1. Look for technical and scientific information, including the literature in English, for the analysis and justification of refining and petrochemical processes.

2. Apply criteria of safety and environmental protection in the scientific analysis of petroleum-based products.

3. Incorporate, using block diagrams, the different parts of a refinery in a general layout

4. Handle tools to characterise petroleum fractions

5. Create flow diagrams of the different units in a refinery.

6. Analyse the processes for the production of petroleum-derived products and natural gas-based products, based on design and operation strategies.

SECTION I.-PETROLEUM REFINING



1.- INTRODUCTION. Origin and Occurrence. Exploration, Recovery and Transportation. Types of crude oil. Chemical composition. Fractional composition. Petroleum analysis. General scheme and main objetives of a refinery.



2.- PETROLEUM FRACTIONATION. Crude oil reception. Storage. Dewatering and desalting. Pretreatment. Atmospheric distillation. Vacuum Distillation.



3.- REFORMING PROCESSES. Naphtha catalytic reforming. Alkylation. Isomerization. Technologies for the production of oxygenate compoungs.



4.- NON CATALYTIC CONVERSION PROCESSES. Thermal cracking. Coking processes. Visbreaking.

5.- CATALYTIC CONVERSION PROCESSES. Catalytic cracking. Catalysts. Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC). Hydrocracking.



6.- PETROLEUM FRACTION FINING: Desulphurization. Merox process. Sulphur compound extraction and sweetening. Sulphur recovery: Claus process. Lubricating oil production.



7.- INTEGRATION OF UNITS IN THE REFINERY. Types of refinery: “hydroskimming”, médium conversión, high conversión, mixed.



8.- PRODUCTS. .Light and médium distillates. Liquified Petroleum Gases. Gasoline. Diesel. Lubricating oil. Asphalt. Fuel oil. Coke. Automotive fuel composition and formulation.



SECTION II.- PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY



10.- BASIC PRETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTION (I). Hydrocarbon decomposition. Synthesis Gas production. Steam Reforming. Partial Oxidation. Syngas aplications: hydrogen, ammonia and its derivatives. Methanol and its derivatives.



11.- BASIC PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTION (II). Hydrocarbon transformation. Olefin production. Steam cracking. Olefin production technologies. Aromatic production. Hydrocarbon separation processes.



13.- SYNTHETIC PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTION. Ethylene, Propylene, Butenes and diolefins. Benzene, Toluene, Xilenes (BTX). Polymerization technologies: monomers, polymers and copolymers. Main polymers and their applications.





FIELD WORK

Students will make a guided visit to the Petronor refinery in Muskiz, focusing on the laboratories for the analysis an characterisation of crude oil and its fractions. They will also have the opportunity to visit the different units of the refinery. This visit is subject to the rules of the refinery.

1. Lectures, combined with other cooperative learning techniques and active methodologies: Flipped Classroom, gamification, cooperative techniques, etc.

2. Reading and synthesis of text books.

3. Problem solving and practical activities (crude oil characterization).

4. Oral and written work presentations.

5. Questionnaires.

6. Exams.

• Continuous Assessment System
• Final Assessment System
• Tools and qualification percentages:
  • Written test to be taken (%): 40
  • Realization of Practical Work (exercises, cases or problems) (%): 10
  • Team projects (problem solving, project design)) (%): 50

CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT:

- Written exam: 40% (mínimum 5 of 10)

- Cases and problem solving: 10%

- Group Works (problem solving, projects): 50%



FINAL ASSESSMENT:



Withdrawing from the continuous assessment, the final evaluation (100%) will consist on some activities (including exams) that will allow the achievement of both competences and learning outcomes.



If you do not wish to participate in the continuous assessment system, you should present, by hand and in writing, your withdrawal from continuous assessment to the professor responsible for the subject. You will have 9 weeks to do this, starting from the beginning of the academic year, in accordance with the centre’s academic calendar (Article 8.3 of the Rules governing student assessment in official degree courses of the UPV/EHU).



In the case withdraw the continuous assessment, since the weight of the final exam is 40%, the student may withdraw from the call in the period up to one month before the completion of the classes in the corresponding subject. This withdrawal must be presented, by hand and in writing, your withdrawal from continuous assessment to the professor responsible for the subject. If it is a case of overall (final) assessment, non-presentation at the final exam set in the official calendar (in January) will mean the automatic withdrawal from the corresponding call (Article 12 of the Rules governing student assessment in official degree courses of the UPV/EHU).

Only the final assessment will be possible:

Written exam: 100%

The information and material provided in eGela virtual platform.

Basic bibliography

BASIC BIBLIOGRAPHY (Petroleum)



Speight J. G.; "The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum". Fourth edition. CRC Press (2007)

Ramos Carpio, M. A.; "Refino de petróleo, gas natural y petroquímica"; Ed. Fundación Fomento Innovación Industrial, Madrid (1997)

Wauquier, J. P. “El refino del Petróleo: Petróleo crudo, Productos petrolíferos, Esquemas de Fabricación”. Ed. Díaz de Santos, Madrid (2004).

Wauquier, J.P.; “Petroleum Refining: Separation Processes”. Editions Technip, Paris (2000).

Leprince, P; “Petroleum Refining: Conversion Processes”. Editions Technip, Paris (2001).



BASIC BIBLIOGRAPHY (Petrochemistry)



Chauvel, A., Lefebvre, G., "Petrochemical Processes. Technical and Economic Characteristics". 2 Tomos (Tomo 1: Synthesis-Gas Derivatives and major Hydrocarbons, Tomo 2 : Major Oxigenated, Chlorinated and Nitrated Derivatives); Ed. Technip, Paris, (1989).

Matar S. and Hatch L. F.; "Chemistry of Petrochemical Processes".2nd edition. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas (2000)

Weissermel K. and Arpe H-J.;"Industrial Organic Chemistry". Third edition VCH Publishers, Inc., New York (1997)

In-depth bibliography

Hsu, C., Robinson, P.; “Handbook of Petroleum Technology”. Springer. New York (2017).
Meyers R. A.; "Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes". Third edition. MacGraw Hill. New York (2004).
Tresse, S.A., Pujadó, P.R., Jones, D.S.; “Handbook of Petroleum Processing” 2º ed. Springer, New York (2015).
Parkash S.; "Refining Processes Handbook". Elsevier. (2003)
Trambouze, P.; “Petroleum Refining: Materials and Equipment”. Editions Technip, Paris (2000)
Favennec, J.P.; “Refinery Operation and Management”. Editions Technip, Paris (2001)
Gary, R.Y., Handwerk, G.E.; “Petroleum Refining - Technology and Economics” 4ª Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York (2001)

Journals

Hydrocarbon Processing
Fuel
Fuel Processing Technology
Energy & Fuels
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering
Petroleum Science
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils
International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology

Web addresses

REPSOL: http://www.repsol.com
BP OIL:http://www.bp.com
Honeywell UOP: http://www.uop.com
Instituto Francés del Petróleo: http://www.ifpenergiesnouvelles.fr/
Total: https://www.total.com/en/spain