Although European rural development and biodiversity conservation strategies have long recognised the importance of extensive high nature value livestock systems, many of these areas are now under threat of intensification and land abandonment. The High Nature Value (HNV) concept or indicator encompasses all the agro-systems that are relevant to and contribute positively towards the conservation of biodiversity. Various pieces of work have been carried out to identify areas of high nature value at landscape scale. However, studies at the level of more basic management units, such as plots, are very scarce.

The UPV/EHU’s FisioKlima-AgroSosT research group and the collaborating organisations undertook an extensive field study at plot level. “When we are talking about plots, we are referring to the scale of units of management —pasture that has a single use and owner—,” explained Iker Pardo-Guereño, lecturer in the UPV/EHU’s department of Plant Biology and Ecology. To do this, “we studied around 144 plots in the Western Pyrenees of Navarre, and on the basis of that we developed a methodology to obtain an indicator of natural value. This indicator reflects how intensive the use is and what contribution it makes to biodiversity,” said Iker Pardo.

This new indicator is based on multiple indices that together provide a more comprehensive assessment of biodiversity than conventional indicators such as species richness. In addition, “the data can be easily collected in the field, which provides an opportunity to involve non-specialists (e.g. farmers or livestock personnel) in assessing and monitoring the natural value of their own land or grassland”, said the researcher.

Factors that contribute most towards enhancing biodiversity

The study concludes that “in the Western Pyrenees of Navarre the type of livestock emerges as an important factor determining the natural value of the grasslands. Plots grazed by horses, sheep or mixed herds of both yielded significantly more natural value than those grazed by cattle”.

Pardo did however stress that “priority should be given to protecting and conserving extensively grazed plots that have not been treated (in terms of sowing and/or fertilising) and which are already of high natural value. Agricultural policies should reinforce the restoration, maintenance and conservation of existing semi-natural meadows and grasslands and design interventions to prevent them from becoming abandoned or intensified”. “In the Pyrenees, many traditional meadows have been transformed into artificial meadowlands which, as this study shows, entails a substantial loss of natural value. So reversing this situation should be a priority,” added the UPV/EHU researcher.

Finally, “plots included in the Natura2000 network displayed significantly higher nature values than those outside the network. However, the contribution of the Natura network should be assessed in a time context, as it is likely that the condition of the plots located within the Natura 2000 spaces was already good by the time they were included in the network”, said Iker Pardo.

Although the nature value index was tested specifically for Pyrenean pastures, “this approach could be extended to any other livestock area or region by slightly adapting the indicators to the local context”. Furthermore, “the simplicity of the proposed field study method makes the index suitable for monitoring the success in terms of biodiversity of the practices that receive agri-environmental grants”, added Iker Pardo.

Additional information

Iker Pardo-Guereño lectures in the Department of Plant Biology and Ecology at the UPV/EHU on the Bachelor's Degree courses in Biology and Environmental Sciences and on the Master's Degree course in Biodiversity, Functioning and Management of Ecosystems.