and adapt to different habitats.

2. Identify the bases of regulation and integration of functions and activities in organisms and their adaptations to the environment to advance in experimental design and result interpretation.

3. Know the physiological responses of plants to pollutants of anthropogenic origin.

4. Understand the applications of phytotechnologies to solve environmental problems and manage natural resources.

5. Identify bioindicators that allow the evaluation of the physiological state of plants under different environmental conditions.

6. Understand the basic aspects and common instrumental techniques in plant eco-physiology (in vivo techniques and destructive techniques).

Transversal Competencies

1. Process and interpret data from observations and measurements according to explanatory models.

2. Adequately communicate the necessary biological knowledge for teaching and disseminating this discipline at all educational level.

3. Handle basic instrumentation for biological analysis.

4. Creatively integrate knowledge taught and learned independently to solve biological problems using the scientific method.

Theoretical Program

1. Introduction. Plant EcoPhysiology. Concept of Stress. Immediate responses to stress, acclimation, and adaptation.

2. Oxidative Stress. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enzymatic and non-enzymatic protection mechanisms.

3. Sunlight. Types of radiation. Radiation stress. Light deficit. Sun and shade plants. Excess light: Photoinhibition. Photoprotection mechanisms. Photooxidation. Damage and repair.

4. Water Deficit. Physiological effects of drought. Avoidance, tolerance, and adaptation to drought. Indicative parameters of water status. Measurement methods. Desiccation.

5. Salinity Stress in Plants. Saline environments. Components of salt stress: osmotic and ionic effects. Tolerance and resistance in halophyte and glycophyte plants. Osmoregulation.

6. Plant Responses to Waterlogging. Soil structure and anaerobiosis. Hypoxia and anoxia. Physiological effects. Physiological and anatomical adaptations to waterlogging.

7. Cold Stress. Temperature limits for survival. Low temperatures. Cold effects. Adaptation and tolerance mechanisms.

8. Freezing Stress. Freezing process. Metabolic and physiological imbalance. Acclimation, tolerance, and resistance. Supercooling.

9. High Temperature Stress. Heat shocks and fringes. Physiological effects, acclimation, and adaptation to high temperatures. Heat shock proteins.

10. Anthropogenic Stress: Climate Change. Greenhouse effect. Effects of global warming and increased atmospheric CO2 on plants and crops. Ozone. Acid rain. Heavy metals.

11. Biotic Stress. Types of diseases. Factors influencing disease development. Plant responses and defense mechanisms.

Seminars

Through seminars, students will acquire competencies related to bibliographic research, critical thinking, and interaction with peers, facilitating cooperative learning. Presenting and defending selected seminar topics will provide other transversal competencies necessary for intellectual and professional development. Seminars also facilitate a more fluid and close interaction between the professor and the student.

Laboratory Practices

Through practical work, students access the necessary tools to understand plant functioning and development mechanisms in response to stress. Experiments are conducted based on theoretical knowledge acquired in the classroom, familiarizing students with the specific equipment and instrumentation of the subject. In the laboratory, toxicity or stress (salinity, drought, or temperature) assays are performed, and various bioindicators of stress are analyzed.

The methodology will be a combination of several teaching modalities: master classes, seminars, laboratory, field and classroom practices. Attendance at seminars and practices (classroom, field and laboratory) will be mandatory.

Both in the theoretical classes and in the different types of teaching, explanations will be combined with participatory and active methodologies.

In the classroom practices, practical "Case Study" exercises will be carried out, published articles, or previously published research works, etc., applying the concepts seen in the master classes.

In the seminars, problems will be solved and simple theoretical topics will be presented, facilitating the interaction between the teaching team and a small group of students. Seminars:

In the laboratory practices, experimentation, analytical and physiological determinations will be carried out, in a small group, using different laboratory infrastructures.

There will also be field trips, around the campus, research center installation, etc., where concepts seen in the theoretical and practical classes are observed in situ.

Evaluation will be weighted according to the various methodological components. Students must obtain a minimum score of 5 out of 10 in each part of the course, including theory, seminars, and practical. The grades for practical activities and seminars will be retained throughout the entire course.

A. Written Exam (70%): This will consist of multiple-choice questions (35%) and short-answer questions (35%), covering conceptual aspects and applied exercises in line with the concepts discussed in lectures, classroom activities, and seminars. The evaluation criteria for short-answer questions include interpreting simple cases, graphs, tables, diagrams, or definitions, with an emphasis on the correctness and precision of responses, appropriate use of scientific terminology, definitions, concepts, and clarity of expression, logic, and reasoning.

B. Reports on Laboratory Practices (20%): Assessment will focus on observation skills, analysis, hypothesis formulation, methodology understanding, correct use of scientific units and their meanings, appropriate representation of results in diagrams, graphs, or tables, analysis and description of the most relevant results, discussion and interpretation of the results, integration and synthesis skills, and description of the implications and limitations of the experimental process.

C. Presentation and Defense of Seminars (10%): Evaluation will consider the organization of information, depth of the topic, work structure, clarity of presentation, communication skills, and ability to address classmates' questions.

Participation in laboratory practices and field trips, or accreditation of the corresponding knowledge through a test, is a prerequisite for being evaluated in other activities.

Students have the right to be evaluated through the final evaluation system, regardless of their participation in the continuous evaluation system. To do this, they must comply with the Regulatory Standards for the Evaluation of Students in Degree Programs (BOPV no. 50, March 13, 2017). Students must submit a written request to the Teaching Team of the course to withdraw from continuous evaluation within 9 weeks from the start of the semester.

Failure to attend the final exam will result in withdrawal from the evaluation call and will be recorded as Not Presented.

During the evaluation tests, the use of books, notes, or other materials, as well as any electronic, computing, or other devices, is prohibited. Any dishonest or fraudulent practices will be handled according to the protocol on academic ethics and prevention of dishonest or fraudulent practices in evaluation tests and academic works at UPV/EHU.

Support Platforms:
-eGela of the Course: A platform where students have access to didactic materials covered in theoretical classes, practical, and seminars, as well as additional information throughout the course.
Materials:
- Laboratory coat during practical classes.
- Practical protocols prepared by the teaching team.
- Colored pencils, calculator, and ruler for use in classroom and laboratory practical, as well as in the theoretical-practical exam.

Basic bibliography

Ahmad P, Wani MR. Physiological Mechanism and Adaptacions Strategies in Plants Under Changing Environments. Vol. 1. Springer. 2014.

Amils R, Ellis-Evans C, Hinghofer-Szalkay. Life in Extreme Environments. Springer. 2007.

Azcón-Bieto J, Talón M. Fundamentos de Fisiología Vegetal. McGraw-Hill/Interamericana. Madrid. 2008.

Basra, AS, Basra RK. Mechanisms of Environmental Stress Resistance in Plants. Harwood Academic Publishers. 1997.

Buchanan BB, Gruissem W, Jones RL. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists. Rockville, Maryland. 2000

Fitter AH, Hay RKM. Environmental Physiology of Plants. 3rd Ed. Academic Press. 2002.

Chawla HS. Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. 3rd Ed. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company Pvt. Limited. 2009.

De la Barrera E, Smith WK. Perspectives in Biophysical Plant Ecophysiology. A tribute to Park S. Nobel. Universidad Autónoma de Mexico. 2009.

Dennis DT, Turpin DH, Lefebvre DD, Layzell DB. Plant Metabolism. Prentice Hall College Div; 2nd Ed. 1997.

Hall DO, Scurlock JMO, Bolhâr-Nordenkampf, Leegood RC, Long SP. Photosynthesis and production in a changing environment. Field and Laboratory Manual. Champman and Hall.1993,

Hirt H. Plant Stress Biology. From Genomics to systems biology. Wiley-Blackwell. 2009.

Jenks MA, Hasegawa PM. Plant Abiotic Stress. Blackwell Publishing. 2005.

Lambers H, Colmer TD.Root Physiology: from Gene to Function: From Gene to Function. Springer. 2005.

Lambers H, Chapin III FS, Pons TL. Plant Physiological Ecology. 2nd. Ed. Springer. 2008.

Larcher W. Physiological Plant Ecology. 4th Edition. Springer-Verlag. 2003.

Leclerc JC. Plant Ecophysiology. Science Publishers, Inc. Enfield (NH) Plymouth, UK. 2003.

Lüttge U. Physiological Ecology of Tropical Plants. Springer-Verlag. 2008.

McKersie BD, Lesheim Y. Stress and Stress Coping in Cultivated Plants. Springer, 1994

Nobel PS. Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology (4th ed). Elsevier Academic Press. 2009

Prasad MNV. Plant Ecophysiology. John Wiley and Sons. 1997.

Press MC, Scholes JD, Barker MG. Physiological Plant Ecology: 39th Symposium of the British Ecological Society. Blackwell Science. 1999.

Pugnaire FI, Valladares F. Handbook of Functional Plant Ecology. 2nd Ed. CRC Press. 2007

Pugnaire F I, Valladares F. Functional Plant Ecology. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York. 1999.

Reigosa MJ, Pedrol N, Sánchez A. La Ecofisiología Vegetal: una ciencia de síntesis. Thomson. 2004

Reigosa Roger MJ. Handbook of Plant Ecophysiology Techniques. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001.

Rojas-Garcidueñas M. Fisiología Vegetal Aplicada. 4ª Ed. Interamericana-McGrawHill. 1993.

Salisbury FB, Ross C. Fisiología de las Plantas. 1. Células: agua, soluciones y superficies. Paraninfo-Thomson Learning. 2000.

Salisbury FB, Ross, C. Fisiología de las Plantas. 2. Bioquímica vegetal. Paraninfo-Thomson Learning. 2000.

Salisbury FB, Ross C. Fisiología de las Plantas. 3. Desarrollo de las plantas y fisiología ambiental. Paraninfo-Thomson Learning. 2000.

Schulze ED, Beck E, Müller-Hohenstein K. Plant Ecology. Springer-Verlag. 2002.

Taiz L, Zeiger E, Moller IM, Murphy A. Plant Physiology and development (6th ed). Sinauer Associates. 2015.

Tuteja N, Gill SS. Plant Acclimatations to Environmental Stress. Springer. 2013.

Vicente Córdoba C, Legaz González ME. Fisiología Vegetal Ambiental. Ed. Síntesis. 2000.

Wilkinson RE. Plant-Environment Interactions. 2nd Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2000.

In-depth bibliography

Baker NR. Photosynthesis and the Environment. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht. 1996.
Blankenship RE. Molecular mechanisms of photosynthesis. Blackwell Publishing. 2002
De Bruijin FJ. Molecular Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere. Vol. 2. Wiley Blackwell. 2013
Iason GR, Dicke M, Hartley SE. The Ecology of Plant Secondary Metabolites. From Genes to Global Processes. British Ecological Society. Cambridge University Press. 2012.
Koch GW, HA Mooney. Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems. A volume in Physiological Ecology Academic Press. 1996.
Kramer PJ, Boyer JS. Water Relations of Plants and Soils. Academic Press. San Diego. 1995.
Korner C, Bazzaz FA. Carbon Dioxide, Populations, and Communities. Academic Press. 1996.
Kirkham MB. Elevated Carbon Dioxide. Impacts on soils and wáter relations. CRC Press. 2011.
Körner C. Alpine Plant Life. Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems Second Edition, Springer. 2003.
Grigore MN, Ivanescu L, Toma C. Halophytes: An integrative Anatomical Study. Springer. 2014
Schumann Gl, Dárcy CJ. Essential Plant Pathology. 2nd. Ed. APS Press. USA. 2010
Sherameti I, Varma A. Soil Heavy Metals. Soil Biology Vol. 19. Springer-Verlag, 2010.
Smith SE, Read DJ. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. 3rd Ed. Academic Press Elsevier. 2008.
Pessarakli, M. Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. 3rd Edition. 2011.
Wink M. Functions of Plant Secondary Metabolism. Annual Plant Reviews. Wiley Blackwell. 2010
Wink M. Functions of Plant Secondary Metabolism. Metabolites and their explotation in Biotechnology. Annual Reviews, Vol. 3. 1999.

Journals

AOB Plants
BMC Plant Biology
Cuadernos de la Sociedad Española de Ciencias Forestales
Current Opinion in Plant Biology
Current Plant Biology
Forests
Forest Ecology and Management
Frontiers in Plant Science
Functional Plant Biology
International Journal of Plant Biology and Research
International Journal of Plant Science
Journal of Experimental Botany
Journal of Environmental Sciences
Journal of Forest Research
Journal of Plant Nutrition
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation
Journal Of Plant Biology
Journal of Plant Biology & Soil Health
Journal of Plant Physiology
Montes
New Phytologist
Photosynthetica
Photosynthesis Research
Physiologia Plantarum
Phytochemistry
Photochemistry and Photobiology
Plant and Cell Physiology
Plant Molecular Biology
Plant Cell Reports
Plant and Soil
Plant Physiology
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
Plant Science
Planta
Plants
The Plant Cell