| Escritos de (crítica de la) de Economía Política de Marx y Engels | ||||
| 1760 | Inicio de la Revolución Industrial | |||
| 1776 | La Riqueza de las Naciones. Adam Smith | |||
| 1791 | Aparición de la primera organización revolucionaria inglesa (Correspondent Society) | |||
| 1792 | Francia se convierte en una república | |||
| 1799 | Prohibición de toda organización, asociación o reunión obrera en Inglaterra | |||
| 1815 | Movimiento ludita. Derrota de Napoleón y Restauración en Francia. Renania es devuelto a Alemania. Congreso de Viena. Alemania dividida en dos partes: Austria y Alemania. Formación de un movimiento de intelectuales y estudiantes alemanes a favor de la unificación de Alemania | |||
| 1817 | Principios de Economía Política y Tributación. David Ricardo | |||
| 1818 | Nace Marx | |||
| 1820 | Nace Engels | |||
| 1824 | Se recupera el derecho de organización obrera en Inglaterra (Coalition Laws) | |||
| 1830 | Finaliza la Revolución Industrial de 1760. Revolución de Julio en Francia | |||
| 1831 | Revolución en Europa. Insurrección polaca. Movimiento revolucionarios en el Renania/Prusia (Heinrich Heine) en el principado de Hesse (Georg Buchner ) y en el Palatinado/Baviera (Ludwig Borne) | |||
| 1834 | Revuelta obrera en Lyon | |||
| 1835 | Marx entra en la Universidad de Bonn. Se convierte en discípulo y amigo de Bruno Bauer, hegeliano de izquierda. Moses Hess, socialista utópico, estudia allí filosofía entre 1935 y 1837 | |||
| 1836 | Formación de la Asociación de Trabajadores de Londres, que aspira a ser el partido de la clase obrera movimiento cartista) | |||
| 1839 | revuelta en Paris (blanquistas). Engels publica sus primeros escritos como demócrata radical | |||
| 1840 | Los exiliados alemanes que participaron en la revuelta de Paris forman en Londres la Workers Educational society | |||
| 1841 | Marx recibe el doctorado universitario en Jena. Comienza a colaborar con la Rheinische Zeitung en la cual trabaja como editor Moses Hess. Desde 1942 Marx dirige la revista en Colonia. Engels, colaborador habitual de la revista, encuentra a Marx por primera vez en dicha ciudad. | |||
| 1843 | Líneas generales de una Crítica de la Economía Política. Engels | Artículos de
Marx y de Engels en el Deutsch-Französische
Jahrbücher (Anales franco-alemanes
1843-1844). La sagrada familia. Marx y Engels, publicado en septiembre de 1844.
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| “Political economy came into being as a natural result of the expansion of trade, and with its appearance elementary, unscientific huckstering was replaced by a developed system of licensed fraud, an entire science of enrichment.” | ||||
| 1844 |
Liga de los Comunistas 1845/47-1852 |
Comentarios sobre James Mill | ||
| “Our mutual value is for us the value of our mutual objects. Hence for us man himself is mutually of no value.” | ||||
| Manuscritos económico-filosóficos [Manuscritos de París]. Marx, escrito en el verano de 1844 | ||||
| “Political Economy regards the proletarian ... like a horse, he must receive enough to enable him to work. It does not consider him, during the time when he is not working, as a human being. It leaves this to criminal law, doctors, religion, statistical tables, politics, and the beadle. ... | ||||
| (1) What is the meaning, in the development of mankind, of this reduction of the greater part of mankind to abstract labor? | ||||
| (2) What mistakes are made by the piecemeal reformers, who either want to raise wages and thereby improve the situation of the working class, or — like Proudhon — see equality of wages as the goal of social revolution? .” | ||||
| 1847 | Miseria de la Filosofía. Marx | |||
| “Economists explain how production takes place in the above-mentioned relations, but what they do not explain is how these relations themselves are produced, that is, the historical movement which gave them birth. M. Proudhon, taking these relations for principles, categories, abstract thoughts, has merely to put into order these thoughts, which are to be found alphabetically arranged at the end of every treatise on political economy. The economists' material is the active, energetic life of man; M. Proudhon's material is the dogmas of the economists.” | ||||
| Trabajo Asalariado y Capital. Marx, escrito en diciembre de 1847 y publicado en abril de 1849 | Principios del
comunismo. Engels, escrito entre octubre y noviembre
de 1847. Manifiesto del Partido Comunista. Marx y Engels, publicado en febrero de 1848. |
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| “We shall seek to portray this as simply and popularly as possible, and shall not presuppose a knowledge of even the most elementary notions of political economy. We wish to be understood by the workers.” | ||||
| 1848 | Discurso sobre el librecambio. Marx | |||
| “The Repeal of the Corn Laws in England is the greatest triumph of free trade in the 19th century.” | ||||
| Las luchas de clases en
Francia de 1848 a 1850. Marx,
publicado en 1850. El dieciocho brumario de Luis Bonaparte. Marx, publicado en 1852. Revolución y contrarrevolución en Alemanía. Engels, publicado entre agosto de 1851 y septiembre de 1852. |
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| 1857 | Elementos fundamentales para la crítica de la Economía Política (Grundrisse). Marx, escrito entre 1857 y 1859. | |||
| “The economists of the seventeenth century, e.g., always begin with the living whole, with population, nation, state, several states, etc.; but they always conclude by discovering through analysis a small number of determinant, abstract, general relations such as division of labour, money, value, etc. As soon as these individual moments had been more or less firmly established and abstracted, there began the economic systems, which ascended from the simple relations, such as labour, division of labour, need, exchange value, to the level of the state, exchange between nations and the world market. The latter is obviously the scientifically correct method. The concrete is concrete because it is the concentration of many determinations, hence unity of the diverse. It appears in the process of thinking, therefore, as a process of concentration, as a result, not as a point of departure, even though it is the point of departure in reality and hence also the point of departure for observation [Anschauung] and conception. Along the first path the full conception was evaporated to yield an abstract determination; along the second, the abstract determinations lead towards a reproduction of the concrete by way of thought.” | ||||
| 1858 | Formaciones Económicas Precapitalistas. Marx. Son las pp. 471 - 514 de los Grundrisse. | |||
| Introducción a la Contribución a la crítica de la Economía Política. Marx | ||||
| Originally intended as a general introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Marx decided against it for the much shorter (and more often quoted) Preface, but is included in the A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy as an appendix. | ||||
| 1859 | Contribución a la crítica de la Economía Política. Marx, publicado en enero de 1859. | |||
| “In the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter Into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material forces of production. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness.” | Señor Vogt. Marx, publicado en noviembre de 1860 | |||
| Carlos Marx. Contribución a la crítica de la Economía Política. Reseña en Das Volk. Engels, publicado en agosto de 1859. | ||||
| 1861-63 | Contribución a la crítica de la Economía Política. Marx | |||
| Inmenso manuscrito concluido por Marx en junio de 1863, aun no publicado en su totalidad, del cual Engel extraerá los materiales para el libro II de El capital, y Kautsky el conjunto de las Teorías sobre la Plusvalía | ||||
| El Proceso de Producción del Capital. Capital, Marx, 1861-3 | ||||
| “There will be about 30 sheets of print. It is a sequel to Part I, but will appear on its own under the title Capital, with A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy as merely the subtitle. In fact, all it comprises is what was to make the third chapter of the first part, namely ‘Capital in General’.” [Marx to Kugelmann, 28th Dec 1868] | ||||
| El Capital, tomo IV. Teorías sobre la plusvalía. Marx, escrito entre enero de 1862 y julio de 1863. | ||||
| “All economists share the error of examining surplus-value not as such, in its pure form, but in the particular forms of profit and rent.” | ||||
| 1864 |
Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores 1864-1872 |
Resultados del Proceso Inmediato de Producción. Marx | ||
| Resultados del Proceso Inmediato de Producción es un borrador destinado a constituir el capítulo VI del libro primero de El Capital. Redactado entre junio de 1863 y diciembre de 1866 | ||||
| “functions which were surrounded with a halo, ... professionals, such as physicians and barristers ... are on the one hand converted directly into wage labour ... they become subject ... to the laws that regulate the price of wage labour.” | ||||
| 1865 | Salario, precio y ganancia. Marx, escrito en junio de 1865. | |||
| “This false appearance distinguishes wages labour from other historical forms of labour. On the basis of the wages system even the unpaid labour seems to be paid labour. With the slave, on the contrary, even that part of his labour which is paid appears to be unpaid. Of course, in order to work the slave must live, and one part of his working day goes to replace the value of his own maintenance. But since no bargain is struck between him and his master, and no acts of selling and buying are going on between the two parties, all his labour seems to be given away for nothing.” | ||||
| 1867 | El Capital, tomo I. El proceso de producción del capital. Marx, publicado en julio de 1867 | La guerra civil en Francia. Marx, publicado en mayo de 1871. | ||
| “The wealth of those societies in which the capitalist mode of production prevails, presents itself as "an immense accumulation of commodities," its unit being a single commodity. Our investigation must therefore begin with the analysis of a commodity.” | ||||
| 1868 | Reseña del primer tomo de El Capital de Carlos Marx. Engels | |||
| Publicado en marzo de 1868 en Demokratisches Wochenblatt. | ||||
| 1881 | Notas marginales a la Política Económica de Wagner. Marx | La revolución
de la ciencia de Eugenio Dühring. Engels (con
contribuciones de Marx), publicado en 1878. El origen de la familia la propiedad privada y el estado. Engels, publicado en 1884. |
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| 1883 |
Muere Marx |
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| 1885 | El Capital, tomo II. El proceso de circulación del capital. Marx y Engels, escrito entre 1863 y 1877; corregido y publicado por Engels, en mayo de 1885. | |||
| “Every individual capital forms, however, but an individualised fraction, a fraction endowed with individual life, as it were, of the aggregate social capital, just as every individual capitalist is but an individual element of the capitalist class.” | ||||
| El Capital, tomo III. El proceso global de la producción capitalista. Marx y Engels, escrito en 1864; corregido y publicado por Engels en 1894. | ||||
| “Since the mass of the employed living labour is continually on the decline as compared to the mass of materialised labour set in motion by it, i.e., to the productively consumed means of production, it follows that the portion of living labour, unpaid and congealed in surplus-value, must also be continually on the decrease compared to the amount of value represented by the invested total capital. Since the ratio of the mass of surplus-value to the value of the invested total capital forms the rate of profit, this rate must constantly fall.” | ||||
| 1895 |
Muere Engels |
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